灾难深重的文革正式结束已达三十四年,但荒谬和残暴的文革发生的土壤是否就远离我们了呢?我想只要是个不回避现实苦 难,对中国人的日常生活有一定观察能力的人,不难发现三十多年后文革至今仍像噩梦般纠缠着我们。虽然官方在八十年代初部分否定了文革,但对文革发生的深层 原因——比如极权制度的存在及其运营方式——没有大规模的反思,没能得到开放档案的自由研究,这是当下我们苦难生活之众多成因里一个不能忽略的因素。一场 参与者如此众多的灾难性运动,事后大多是沉默者,有不少控诉者,一些是掩盖者和歪曲者,却几乎没道歉者和忏悔者,这是为什么呢?不特如此,我们不能不接受 一个令人痛心的事实,那就是文革参与者连年龄最小的人,都过了知天命之年,有的为人父母,有的甚至是爷爷、奶奶,但这些为人父母,甚至是含饴弄孙的人,有 多少人愿意出来直面真相呢?
好在事情总有例外,何蜀的《为毛主席而战:文革重庆大武斗实录》(香港三联书店2010年8月版),便是一本真切研 究文革的史学著作。关于文革武斗,坊间有些纪实文学之类的描述,难免耳食夸大,因此真正的研究,就显得特别稀缺。我没有看过郑光路《文革武斗:文化大革命 时期中国社会之特殊内战》一书,不知其学术分量如何,但我认可其视文革武斗为“特殊内战”的判断,是比较符合事实的,这一点我们也可以从《为毛主席而战》 一书里得到具体的佐证。文革重庆武斗无论从规模、持续时间、参与人数、死伤人数、动用武器种类之多来看,恐怕在全国罕有其匹。我们从现在全国唯一幸存的 “文革武斗死难者墓群”(俗称“红卫兵墓园”,何蜀认为不确,我从其说)的死难者年龄(最小者14岁、最大的60岁)、职业分析(工人最多、学生次之,几 乎遍及各阶层)等来看,不难概见民众高烧狂热、丧失理智之一斑。
《为毛主席而战》这书名既是写实,亦是一种难以逃避的讽刺。从“八一五派”的誓言“头可断,血可流,毛泽东思想不可 丢!”到“反到底派”的誓词“为毛主席而战,完蛋就完蛋!”可以看出两派玩命,不管不顾,好像完全自主,但他们所赌命的人物却是相同的,但似乎没有人看出 其间的吊诡。既然你所赌命的是同一个人,那么你为何要狠斗,直至战死而不悟呢?这就是拜文革发生前之十七年喝狼奶的愚民教育之赐。“他们都是在文革前17 年接受的‘无产阶级政治’教育、‘革命传统’教育,从小崇拜的是‘革命英雄’,他们的许多行为方式,其实都是在模仿小说中或电影里的红军、八路军、解放 军。”(《为毛主席而战》P279)何蜀正是把文革武斗及其成因,放在一个共产党得鼎十七年后所作所为之大背景下来观察,因而不至游谈无根,流于浮浅,以 至能洞幽烛微,探骊得珠。
“为毛主席而战”最终得到的结果是成了毛泽东的炮灰,为什么会如此悲剧呢?其原因何在?对为什么爆发文革,有许多种 说法,有说毛泽东借此搞权斗,有说毛泽东是为了实现他的天堂理想,有说这是社会冲突的必然结果,等等。不管我们事后如何分析毛泽东发动文革的动因,毛泽东 搞群众运动和运动群众,是所有文革参与者都无法逃脱的“如来佛掌心”,在这样一个不可更易的基本前提下,不论你吹捧“四大自由”和赞扬“大民主”,都只不 过是在如来佛掌心里玩点毛泽东可以忍受的小把戏罢了。不管群众之间斗得如何厉害,你的言行必须努力证明的是:谁更忠于毛主席,否则你便只有死路一条。遇罗 克、林昭、张志新、冯元春、李九莲等,都可以证明你稍有逾越,有一点独立精神及自由思想,重则遭杀身之祸,轻则受牢狱之灾。被人当猴耍了,说句“青春无 悔”来找补;被人弄得很惨,用“人民文革”的说辞来为自己辩护,是不甘于承认自己的失败和愚蠢。重庆反到底派的主将黄廉在被判了重刑后出来,依旧盛赞毛发 动文革是“全球国际共产主义运动中最大胆、最辉煌、最有魄力的篇章,除了毛主席外,没有任何执政者敢于动这样的手术”(老田《重庆文革口述史——黄廉访谈 录》)。我同情黄廉的看法,但我还是要说这样的看法,使你所有受苦丧失了基本的价值,不能自救,更无从给他人以良好的教训。如果我们仔细阅读勒庞的《乌合 之众——大众心理学》、赖希的《法西斯群众心理学》,对文革在中国的灾难性发生必然会有更加清醒的认识,而不致陷在庐山之中自蔽蔽人。
何蜀在分析重庆武斗何以严重时,主要分析了一些在历史和现实之物质层面上的成因。由于重庆是民国政府抗战时的陪都, 复以是文革前为“备战”之用的三线建设重地,使得诸多新旧兵工厂齐聚一地。武斗主力工人多,武斗工具枪支弹药多,自然就容易爆发持久而规模较大的武斗。但 我认为这些问题,还可以看得更远点。重庆人好勇斗狠的个性和码头文化,以及对变态的红色文化——如有不少造假成份的“红岩精神”——的深入接纳,缺少较为 理智的反省精神,大约也不是毫无关联的。对于重庆文革武斗的具体死难数字,虽然何蜀花了不少的精力来考察,但囿于官方的高扃深锁,自然难得其详。重庆曾有 杨公桥、石桥铺、中兴路旧书市场(包括北碚天生路旧书摊)等地可搜旧书及其它杂件,但何蜀似乎没有在这些地方淘到什么东西。我倒比较有幸,曾淘得一大包四 川公路五局关于武斗后的抚恤档案,正准备做一个关于武斗的个案研究。我想武斗后的死亡抚恤档案,如不是带有一定的普遍性的话,四川公路五局也不敢擅自做出 这样的决定。或许当时许多国营和集体单位里参与武斗死亡人员,都有这样的抚恤举措并存有其档,亦未可知。如能找到更多的抚恤档案,在研究武斗死亡人数、抚 血数额、死亡地点和原因等方面,必有更多的发现,对进一步深入研究文革暴力,必能得出更为翔实且有说服力的数据。
报纸、广播以及双方的“战报”和“追悼会”,包括后来官方撰写的文革大事记、各行业口的志书,都是搜集文革史料的好 去处,何蜀在这方面做了大量的工作并且利用得很好。但只有这些公开留存下来的文字史料,还是不够的,那么口述史就可以弥补其中之不足。由于何蜀研究文革甚 久,积累了许多资料和人脉,这在《为毛主席而战》一书中表现得比较明显。书中运用了不少重庆文革亲历者的未刊口述实录,使得这本书与同类著述相比,有着相 当的独特性。虽然就口述史的真实性(如故意掩盖、忽略,因时间久远记忆错误等)仍有不少争论,但总体来讲,口述史应算是研究当代史不可缺少的一个有力补 充。何况作为资深的文革研究者何蜀有用更多史实订正口述实录者错误的能力,可以最大限度地避免口述实录的事实性谬误。至于口述者的个人评价和感受,那得尊 重口述者自己的说法,我们可以批评他们的评价,但一定得尊重他们的表达自由。
由于何蜀未曾在书后列出参考书目,包括口述未刊稿书目,因此我认为按书中出现的先后顺序,罗列其未刊口述书目,以使 研究者和读者有个大致的了解是有必要的(本属未刊稿的陈懋智《重庆武斗日记》,由于已大部分刊于何蜀参与主编的文革网刊《记忆》,故未列入)。1:张光明 《骚乱的重庆——文革十年亲历记》、2:杨世元《文革风暴中的重庆市文联》(何蜀整理)、3:夏祥贵《夏祥贵谈重庆文革》(何蜀整理)、4:何蜀整理《罗 广斌专案组笔记》(此未刊稿可能不属于口述实录)、5:李衡之《重庆武斗琐记》、6:贾唯英《武斗中的重庆大学校园》、7:蒋知良《一个造反派农民的文革 十年——原重庆市革命委员会常委、反到底派农总司勤务员蒋良知自述》(何蜀整理)、8:李木森回忆、何蜀整理《亲历重庆大武斗——重庆反到底派一号勤务员 自述》、9:王绍川口述、何蜀整理《王绍川回忆录》(2005年3月3日—4月27日)、10:何蜀记录整理《甘廷荣谈重庆文革》。《为毛主席而战》一书 里所用的十部口述史中,竟有七部系何蜀整理,可见其对重庆文革史研究用力之勤,亦可见《为毛主席而战》一书有着其它书籍不可替代的价值。
中国历史从古代的帝王起居注,到如今的论述宏大主题,都摆脱不了对民众日常生活的冷漠。不关心民众日常生活的诸般细 节,只辗转于断烂朝报之中,历史必难见出个体的尊严与价值,文革史的研究也不例外。武斗过程中死伤多少人,具体的数字和名字,以至于死难方式、地点,在哪 一次武斗中丧身,当然都值得记录,但对武斗的研究不能停留于此。武斗对城市的破坏、对文物的毁损、对经济的影响、对人之内心的创伤及言行的改变,都值得我 们认真的研究。虽然《为毛主席而战》没有做到对上述诸方面的仔细研究,但我认为何蜀对经济凋蔽和日常生活影响的关注,实在是此书的亮点。如他多次通过提及 造反派小报印刷者,无法按时出报,或者必须减少版面、印量的做法,来展示经济受影响之一斑。同时,民众的日常生活,衣食住行、柴米油盐酱醋茶,无不深受武 斗之害,而其所依据的便是十分难得的第一手记录——陈懋智的《重庆武斗日记》。
不少在文革中做过错事的人,从来不曾有丝毫的自我反省,我不知这些朋友如何面对自己已经是爷爷奶奶、爸爸妈妈的身 份,如何一边说爱自己的子女和子孙,却不为揭露自己经历过的荒诞时代做出任何贡献。难道你真的不怕你所经历过的荒诞时代,会重新降临你的子孙吗?你真那么 自信,你们经历过的荒诞时代,就那么轻而易举地远走了吗?可以这样说,你们子孙今天所受的人权侵害,也与你们不曾反省你们曾经过的荒诞时代有关。如果你们 真爱自己的子孙,岂能把自己所受的愚弄所受的苦难,吞进肚子里,带进坟墓中?如果有人说文革时期的文攻武卫,把人性之恶,尽最大限度地“发挥”了出来,我 不认为这是诬枉之辞。那种不讲逻辑、非此即彼、唯我独尊、毫不宽容的“文攻”,在今天不少人的文章里,特别是网络上不乏具体的实践者。至于“武卫”呢?强 力拆迁、城管打人等暴力执法,遍于国中,可谓无所不用其极。准此,我呼唤更多像何蜀《为毛主席而战》的书出笼,以便更多的中国人明了历史苦难和我们现实际 遇之间,有着难以割舍的深刻关联。
2010年9月16至17日于成都
(注:何蜀著《为毛主席而战:文革重庆大武斗实录》(2010年8月香港三联书店第一版)
Saturday, September 18, 2010
Friday, September 17, 2010
China's Great (Quantum) Leap Forward ( 中国军事的一次量子“大跃进”)
Crew members of the Starship Enterprise use the transporter to teleport off the ship in the 1965 pilot episode of Star Trek
Like a pair of male turkeys puffing up their chests at each other, the U.S. and Chinese militaries are back at it again, engaging in tit-for-tat military exercises in the Yellow Sea. On Sept. 4, the Chinese navy finished live artillery maneuvers, using some of its newest planes, ships and battlefield weaponry in a publicly announced show of military strength. Though Chinese state media called the war games "routine," the timing of the event — just days before a scheduled U.S.-South Korea anti-submarine exercise in the same waters — suggests it's more likely an attempt to send the U.S. a simple message: This is our backyard.
After watching U.S.-led forces obliterate a Soviet-style Iraqi military in the first Gulf War, China realized it needed to improve its own outdated army. It has increased military expenditures every year for the past two decades. While Chinese officials called the relationship with the U.S. "stable" during talks in Beijing this week, given China's ambitions in the region, tensions between the two are sure to continue. Denny Roy, a senior fellow at the East-West Center in Honolulu, says China is "working towards a sphere of influence," and with their stronger military, they can now "send signals they couldn't before." (See pictures of the making of modern China.)
Thanks to a recent technological breakthrough, that's true literally, too. While China has been showing off its new hardware, a potentially more important military advancement has gone largely unnoticed: In May, Chinese scientists announced a demonstration of "quantum teleportation" over 16 kilometers (10 miles), creating what Matthew Luce, a researcher at the Defense Group Inc.'s Center for Intelligence Research and Analysis, calls "secure communications guaranteed by the laws of physics." China is now at the cutting-edge of military communications, transforming the field of cryptography and spotlighting a growing communications arms race.
While the People's Liberation Army won't be beaming up objects Star Trek-style anytime soon, the new technology could greatly enhance its command and control capabilities. Scientists use machines to manipulate units of light called photons. By changing the photons' quantum states and creating a new, readable pattern not unlike Morse code, they can pass on simple messages or encryption codes. A group of researchers from Tsinghua University and the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences entangled pairs of photons — linking them so changes to one photon will be instantaneously transferred to the other. Using a high-powered blue laser (the type China appears to be investing in for its submarine fleet), they then transported the quantum information farther than anyone had done before, their paper in Nature Photonics claims.(Read "Is the Future of Electric Cars in China?)
The process is called teleportation, but the information in the message is not actually moved. Instead, changes to one photon's quantum state will be adopted instantly by the other — something Einstein famously called "spooky action at a distance." The result is akin to having two pieces of paper 10 miles apart, and as a person writes on one paper the message simultaneously appears on the other.
Why is this superior to e-mail or radio? Because, theoretically, this method "cannot be cracked or intercepted," says Luce. If the photons in the laser beam are observed by a third party, the particles themselves will be altered due to a law of physics called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which states that measuring a particle alters it. As such, the sender and receiver would be immediately informed that someone was snooping.
At the 16km distance tested, China would be able to send these secure messages from its network of satellites to units on the ground. Luce also says the choice of a blue laser — instead of an infrared one like the U.S. has been testing — was chosen with its growing submarine fleet in mind since blue lasers penetrate farther underwater. Soon, Chinese satellites could be able to communicate with submarines without them needing to surface or give away their location by breaking radio silence. This may sound like science-fiction, but quantum encryption is already used by a few banks and governments for highly sensitive information on a smaller scale. The Chinese scientists write in Nature Photonics that a quantum communication network could be "within reach of current technology on a global scale."
The advance in secure communications comes none too soon. With ever-increasing computing power, the expiration date on today's cryptography techniques could be looming, Luce says. Right now, breaking modern encryption techniques require such computing power that one can change the code long before a computer has time to crack it. But "it's become very difficult to 'future proof' the encryption of data," Luce writes for the Jamestown Foundation. Tomorrow's computers will improve and data could suddenly become unprotected, while quantum teleportation, he says, "has a seemingly infinite time horizon." (Comment on this story.)
Though the Chinese scientists claim in their peer-reviewed paper that this experiment communicated quantum information more than 20 times farther than previous tests over open space, this may not be entirely true. According to Luce in 2005, a group of universities along with defense corporations with a grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) transferred quantum information over 23 km (14 miles) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Though Luce writes that a few differences in the DARPA project "may not technically disqualify the Chinese" from their claims, it's clear the U.S. military is also investing in this technology. Luce says it's difficult to know how far the U.S. is in developing quantum teleportation, "because a lot of the U.S. work is classified."
Of course, what's possible in theory — perfectly secure communication — is different from what will happen in practice. Luce suspects China's pioneering research in this technology is as much an attempt to find weaknesses in a possible U.S. quantum security network as it is to develop its own. Roy of the East-West Center says one of China's "pockets of excellence" is its cyber-warfare capability. If developed by the U.S., however, this technology could help neutralize China's ability to break into sensitive computer systems. Less than two weeks ago, researchers from Germany and Norway claim to have hacked a commercial quantum cryptography system by exploiting flaws in its detection equipment. It doesn't undermine the fundamental principle of secure quantum messaging, but it is a reminder that there is almost always a loophole. "The security of quantum cryptography relies on quantum physics but not only," Gerd Leuchs, a professor at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, says in a press release announcing the vulnerabilities. "It must also be properly implemented."
No one claims that the Chinese military will surpass the U.S.' anytime soon, but it isn't just dueling naval exercises that will determine pecking order. It's also how fast China can integrate the newest technologies into its military, maintaining its strengths like cyber-warfare while improving the PLA's precision, coordination and secrecy. In these ways, China has made a quantum leap forward.
翻译:
from :http://item.feedsky.com/~feedsky/dongxinet/~8172838/413166871/6276617/1/item.html
After watching U.S.-led forces obliterate a Soviet-style Iraqi military in the first Gulf War, China realized it needed to improve its own outdated army. It has increased military expenditures every year for the past two decades. While Chinese officials called the relationship with the U.S. "stable" during talks in Beijing this week, given China's ambitions in the region, tensions between the two are sure to continue. Denny Roy, a senior fellow at the East-West Center in Honolulu, says China is "working towards a sphere of influence," and with their stronger military, they can now "send signals they couldn't before." (See pictures of the making of modern China.)
Thanks to a recent technological breakthrough, that's true literally, too. While China has been showing off its new hardware, a potentially more important military advancement has gone largely unnoticed: In May, Chinese scientists announced a demonstration of "quantum teleportation" over 16 kilometers (10 miles), creating what Matthew Luce, a researcher at the Defense Group Inc.'s Center for Intelligence Research and Analysis, calls "secure communications guaranteed by the laws of physics." China is now at the cutting-edge of military communications, transforming the field of cryptography and spotlighting a growing communications arms race.
While the People's Liberation Army won't be beaming up objects Star Trek-style anytime soon, the new technology could greatly enhance its command and control capabilities. Scientists use machines to manipulate units of light called photons. By changing the photons' quantum states and creating a new, readable pattern not unlike Morse code, they can pass on simple messages or encryption codes. A group of researchers from Tsinghua University and the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences entangled pairs of photons — linking them so changes to one photon will be instantaneously transferred to the other. Using a high-powered blue laser (the type China appears to be investing in for its submarine fleet), they then transported the quantum information farther than anyone had done before, their paper in Nature Photonics claims.(Read "Is the Future of Electric Cars in China?)
The process is called teleportation, but the information in the message is not actually moved. Instead, changes to one photon's quantum state will be adopted instantly by the other — something Einstein famously called "spooky action at a distance." The result is akin to having two pieces of paper 10 miles apart, and as a person writes on one paper the message simultaneously appears on the other.
Why is this superior to e-mail or radio? Because, theoretically, this method "cannot be cracked or intercepted," says Luce. If the photons in the laser beam are observed by a third party, the particles themselves will be altered due to a law of physics called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which states that measuring a particle alters it. As such, the sender and receiver would be immediately informed that someone was snooping.
At the 16km distance tested, China would be able to send these secure messages from its network of satellites to units on the ground. Luce also says the choice of a blue laser — instead of an infrared one like the U.S. has been testing — was chosen with its growing submarine fleet in mind since blue lasers penetrate farther underwater. Soon, Chinese satellites could be able to communicate with submarines without them needing to surface or give away their location by breaking radio silence. This may sound like science-fiction, but quantum encryption is already used by a few banks and governments for highly sensitive information on a smaller scale. The Chinese scientists write in Nature Photonics that a quantum communication network could be "within reach of current technology on a global scale."
The advance in secure communications comes none too soon. With ever-increasing computing power, the expiration date on today's cryptography techniques could be looming, Luce says. Right now, breaking modern encryption techniques require such computing power that one can change the code long before a computer has time to crack it. But "it's become very difficult to 'future proof' the encryption of data," Luce writes for the Jamestown Foundation. Tomorrow's computers will improve and data could suddenly become unprotected, while quantum teleportation, he says, "has a seemingly infinite time horizon." (Comment on this story.)
Though the Chinese scientists claim in their peer-reviewed paper that this experiment communicated quantum information more than 20 times farther than previous tests over open space, this may not be entirely true. According to Luce in 2005, a group of universities along with defense corporations with a grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) transferred quantum information over 23 km (14 miles) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Though Luce writes that a few differences in the DARPA project "may not technically disqualify the Chinese" from their claims, it's clear the U.S. military is also investing in this technology. Luce says it's difficult to know how far the U.S. is in developing quantum teleportation, "because a lot of the U.S. work is classified."
Of course, what's possible in theory — perfectly secure communication — is different from what will happen in practice. Luce suspects China's pioneering research in this technology is as much an attempt to find weaknesses in a possible U.S. quantum security network as it is to develop its own. Roy of the East-West Center says one of China's "pockets of excellence" is its cyber-warfare capability. If developed by the U.S., however, this technology could help neutralize China's ability to break into sensitive computer systems. Less than two weeks ago, researchers from Germany and Norway claim to have hacked a commercial quantum cryptography system by exploiting flaws in its detection equipment. It doesn't undermine the fundamental principle of secure quantum messaging, but it is a reminder that there is almost always a loophole. "The security of quantum cryptography relies on quantum physics but not only," Gerd Leuchs, a professor at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, says in a press release announcing the vulnerabilities. "It must also be properly implemented."
No one claims that the Chinese military will surpass the U.S.' anytime soon, but it isn't just dueling naval exercises that will determine pecking order. It's also how fast China can integrate the newest technologies into its military, maintaining its strengths like cyber-warfare while improving the PLA's precision, coordination and secrecy. In these ways, China has made a quantum leap forward.
翻译:
from :http://item.feedsky.com/~feedsky/dongxinet/~8172838/413166871/6276617/1/item.html
近期,美国和中国军方在黄海开展了一系列针锋相对的军事演习。 9月4号,中国海军进行了炮兵部队的实战演戏,动用了最新式的飞机,战舰,武器来炫耀自己的武力。尽管该演习被中国政府称为例行演习,但由于不久前在同样的水域美韩反潜演习刚刚结束,所以在人们看来,中国的军事演习仿佛是在对美国宣告:这是我家的后院。
在看到第一次海湾战争中美国摧毁了清一色苏式装备的伊拉克军队后,中国政府开始意识到升级自己武器装备的必要性,在过去的20年间不断增加军事开支。在本周北京的会谈中,中国官员宣称:中美关系稳固。然而,考虑到中国在该地区的野心,中美关系的紧张不可避免。来自于夏威夷东西文化中心的资深专家丹尼.罗伊说到,“随着日益强大的军事力量,中国正在影响全球的格局。和以往不同的是,他们现在有能力向世界发出信号。
考虑到最近的技术突破,这些消息应该是真实的。当人们的目光都聚集在中国炫耀自己军事设施的时候,另外一项更具潜在的重要性的技术进步却被忽视了:早在今年5月份,中国的科学家宣布,他们实现了超过16公里(10英里)的量子隐态传输,成功建立了量子通信。美国防务集团公司情报研究分析中心研究人员马修.鲁斯称之为“物理学定律保证的绝对安全的通信”。得益于中国顶尖的量子通信技术,中国军方的通信网络正在向量子通信转型,这也让中国处在军事通信的前沿。
虽 然中国人民解放军还不具有星际旅行的能力,但这项新的科技无疑将增强中国军方的执行力和控制力。科学家们利用一种可操作的光单元(光子)作为载体,对光子 的量子态进行操作,转化成一种和莫斯码类似的信息形式,用来传递简单的信息和编码。来自于中国科学技术大学合肥国家实验室和清华大学的研究小组成功地将一 对(远距离,译者补充)的光子纠缠起来(纠缠是指一对光子相互关联,如果对其中一个光子进行操作,相距遥远的另外一个光子将会同时感受到这个操作)。利用 大功率的蓝光激光器(中国似乎正在研发这种激光器运用到潜艇舰队上),他们将量子信息传送的比以往任何人能达到的距离更远(文章发表于《自然.光子》)。
这 种通信过程虽然被我们称之为量子隐态传态,但是信息实际上没有被移动。(不是信息没有被移动,而是光子本身没有被移动。译者注)事实是,对一个光子的量子 态作用瞬间被遥远的另外一个光子感知到了,这种作用被爱因斯坦称之为“远距离的幽灵作用”。这些研究者的实验类似于下面一个形象的比喻:两张分开10英里的白纸,一个人在其中一张白纸上写信息,而信息会同时出现在另一张白纸上。
为什么这种通信方式优于E-Mail或者是无线电通信? “这是由于这种方法理论上是不能被破译或拦截的”,鲁斯给出了明确的答案。如果激光器中发出的光子被第三方获取,光子的状态就会因为海森堡不确定性关系而改变,这就意味着,光子会因为被测量而改变。这样一来,发送者和接受者就会立刻得知有人在窃听。
在实现16公 里量子通讯测试后,中国将有能力利用他们的卫星系统传输安全信息到地面接收站。鲁斯说不同于美国进行的红外光实验,蓝光可以在水中传输更远距离。考虑到中 国日益壮大的潜艇编队,或许不久将来,中国就能够实现卫星与潜艇的直接通讯,而不再需要潜艇浮出水面或打破无线电静默暴露它们的行踪。这看起来像科幻小 说。但是,量子加密术已经被部分银行和政府用来在小范围里进行绝密信息传输。中国的科学家在自然.光子杂志上写道,“全球量子通讯网络在现有技术上是可以实现的”。
保 密通讯的进步正是恰逢其时。鲁斯认为随着计算能力的不断提高,现今的密钥技术终结的日子已经不远了。破译现代密码术要求计算机计算能力能够实现在通讯方改 变所用密钥之前成功破译。但是在鲁斯写给詹姆斯通基金会的报告中指出“进一步证明数据加密安全性变得非常困难”。未来的计算机会不断进步,数据终有一天会 突然不再安全了。但是对于量子隐形传态,“看起来需要无限长的时间来破译”。
尽管中国科学家在他们的文章里宣称他们的量子信息通讯距离比之前在自由空间所做的实验提高了20倍。这并不完全准确。2005年,在美国国防部高级研究计划局(DARPA)的资助下,马萨诸塞州剑桥的鲁斯的研究小组与军工部门合作成功地将量子信息传送了23公里(14英里)。尽管鲁斯认为他们的DARPA项目与中国科学家的实验有所不同,技术上并不能说中国科学家的宣称有什么不合适的,但很明显美国军方也在研发这项技术。鲁斯指出很难说美国在研发量子隐形传态上究竟做到了什么样的程度,“因为美国许多任务是机密的。
当 然,理论上通讯的绝对安全不等同于实际情况。鲁斯怀疑中国这项前沿技术研究在发展他们自己的量子安全网络的同时,也在试图寻找美国量子网络可能存在的弱 点。夏威夷东西文化中心的罗伊说中国的一个局部优势是他们网络战的能力。倘若量子网络被美国研发出来,这项技术就可以帮助克制中国入侵机密的电脑系统。不 到两周前,来自德国和挪威的研究者宣布他们利用量子网络的探测装置缺陷成功窃听了商用量子密钥系统。它并没有推翻量子信息安全的基本原理,但它告诉我们这 里几乎总是存在漏洞的。“量子密钥的安全性依赖于量子物理,但不止于此,”纽伦堡大学教授盖德.雷彻斯在一篇文章里讨论这些漏洞时认为,“它还必须被恰当地实现。”
没人会认为中国军事力量会在短时间内超越美国,但在最终力量对决中起决定作用的不会仅仅是军事演习比拼。这要看中国能如何快速地将最新技术整合到军队当中,保持网络战强度的同时,提高其精准度,协同性,和保密性。在这些方面,中国已经实现了一次量子大跃进。
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)